Discussion
Which rule reasons from a false consequent backwards?
Answer: C
Modus tollens reasons backwards from a false consequent to a false antecedent, and is the rule underlying refutation and much of scientific method. Modus ponens is the forward direction, hypothetical syllogism chains implications and simplification extracts conjuncts. The backward direction being valid, while affirming the consequent is not, is an asymmetry worth being able to state precisely rather than merely recognising by example. Working one numerical case through both cases side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.
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