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What does nesting a universal inside an existential quantifier express?

  • A.That the relation holds between every pair of objects
  • B.That one object stands in the relation to every object
  • C.That every object stands in the relation to some object
  • D.That the two quantifiers may be exchanged freely

Answer: B

There exists an x such that for all y, x loves y asserts that one particular individual loves everybody, whereas reversing the order says only that everybody is loved by someone or other. The two are quite different claims and only one implies the other. Quantifiers of different kinds do not commute, and remembering which direction the implication runs is worth more than remembering the rule that they differ.

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