Discussion
Item bias in the test can be studied by comparing :
(I) Item difficulty level across different groups with different backgrounds.
(II) Average performance of two groups on overall test.
Answer: A
Item bias is studied by comparing (I) only, item difficulty across groups.
An item is biased when people from different groups who have the same level of the ability being measured have different chances of answering it correctly. Methods of detecting differential item functioning (DIF) such as Mantel-Haenszel and item response theory compare an item's difficulty or response curve across groups after matching on total score.
A difference in the two groups' average performance on the whole test (II) cannot show bias by itself, because the groups may genuinely differ in the ability. That is why 'Both' and '(II) only' are wrong, and 'Neither' ignores the standard method.
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