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How is pulse amplitude modulation generated?

  • A.By triggering a monostable from each zero crossing of the message
  • B.By counting clock cycles between successive peaks of the message
  • C.By a sample-and-hold circuit clocked at the sampling rate
  • D.By comparing the message against a triangular reference waveform

Answer: C

A sample-and-hold circuit captures the message at each clock instant and holds it, which is flat-top sampling and the form nearly every practical system uses. The comparator against a ramp gives width modulation. A monostable triggered from an edge gives a fixed pulse rather than a proportional one. And counting between peaks measures frequency. Each pulse scheme has one characteristic circuit, and knowing which circuit produces which output is enough to identify an unlabelled block diagram.

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