Discussion
Assertion (A): Kiln operators aim for a small but definite excess of oxygen in the exhaust.
Reason (R): Too little leaves fuel unburnt while too much wastes heat up the stack.
Answer: C
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the mechanism. Insufficient oxygen leaves fuel unburnt and produces carbon monoxide, wasting fuel and creating reducing conditions that harm the clinker. Excess oxygen means excess air, all of which is heated and sent up the stack. The optimum is a small definite margin, typically two or three per cent, and it is controlled continuously.
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