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A kiln exhaust contains 3 per cent oxygen by volume. Air contains about 21 per cent. Roughly what fraction of the incoming air's oxygen remains unused?

  • A.about one third
  • B.about half
  • C.almost all of it
  • D.about one seventh

Answer: D

Three divided by twenty-one is about one seventh, so most of the oxygen has been consumed. The calculation is approximate because the gas volume changes during combustion and calcination. The figure is used as an operating guide rather than as an exact balance.

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