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Which insight does Bretherton's result provide?

  • A.Potential vorticity anomalies cannot exist at a rigid boundary because the vertical velocity vanishes there
  • B.Boundaries have no dynamical role
  • C.The interior potential vorticity must vanish whenever the boundary temperature gradient is non-zero
  • D.Surface temperature anomalies act like potential vorticity anomalies

Answer: D

Treating a boundary temperature gradient as a delta function of potential vorticity gradient unifies boundary and interior effects into a single framework. It is what allows the Eady model, which has no interior potential vorticity gradient at all, to satisfy the Charney-Stern criterion for instability through its two boundaries. The equivalence is a formal device with real explanatory power. Checking the units of each quantity catches a wrong formula before the arithmetic begins.

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