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Which minimum shear does the two-level model require for instability?

  • A.A critical shear proportional to beta and the square of the deformation radius
  • B.Any non-zero shear whatever, since the presence of a thermal wind is sufficient for growth to occur
  • C.A shear exceeding the speed of the mean flow
  • D.A shear that exceeds the value implied by the temperature difference between the equator and the pole

Answer: A

The two-level model gives a critical shear below which all wavelengths are stable, a result arising from the beta effect stabilising the long waves. Observed shears exceed the critical value over the winter storm tracks, which is why cyclones form there. The Eady model, which has no beta effect, finds instability at any shear, so the difference between the two models is instructive. The shared properties explain why these belong to one family, and the differences explain why more than one exists.

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