Discussion
What does it mean for two variables to be independent?
Answer: D
Independence means the conditional probability equals the unconditional one, so the joint factorises into the product of the marginals. It is a strong condition that rarely holds between interesting variables. Mutual exclusion, identical distributions and absence of causation are different notions, the last being related but distinct. Independence is what would make a joint distribution small, and its rarity is why the weaker conditional form matters so much.
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