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What is conditional independence?

  • A.Two variables independent once a third is known
  • B.Independence that holds only under certain conditions of the model
  • C.Two variables that are independent of a third but not of each other
  • D.Independence that has been assumed rather than demonstrated

Answer: A

Two symptoms may be correlated in the population yet independent once the disease is known, because the disease explains the correlation. That pattern is extremely common and is what makes Bayesian networks compact. Occasional independence, third variable relations and assumptions are different notions. A weaker condition that holds far more often, and buys almost as much, is a better foundation than a strong one that rarely applies. Framing the question as which quantity the change acts upon makes the answer follow without calculation.

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