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When is a path through a collider blocked?

  • A.When the collider has no descendants anywhere in the network
  • B.When neither the collider nor any descendant is observed
  • C.When the collider itself is observed but its descendants are not
  • D.When at least one of the two colliding parents has been observed

Answer: B

A collider blocks by default and is unblocked by observing it or any of its descendants, which is the reverse of the rule for chains and forks. That asymmetry is explaining away in graphical form. Observing a parent, or counting descendants, does not enter the rule. Keeping the collider case straight is the whole difficulty of d-separation, and it repays being checked on a three-node example every time.

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