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Which shape of the money-utility curve produces caution?

  • A.By preferring the action with the lower variance of outcomes
  • B.By adding a penalty term to the expected utility of each action
  • C.By a concave utility function over money
  • D.By reducing the probabilities assigned to the very good outcomes

Answer: C

A concave utility means each additional unit of money is worth less than the last, so a sure amount is preferred to a gamble of equal expected value. The preference emerges from the shape of the curve, with no change to probabilities and no separate penalty. Variance preference is a symptom rather than the representation. That the same MEU rule covers cautious and reckless agents alike is what makes the framework general. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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