Discussion
The Philosopher who criticized the Cartesian dualism of descaste as the 'Doctrine by Ghost in the Machine' is
Answer: D
The philosopher who called the Cartesian dualism the 'Doctrine of the Ghost in the Machine' is Gilbert Ryle, in The Concept of Mind (1949). He argued that treating the mind as a ghostly thing inside the body is a category mistake. A.J. Ayer was a logical positivist, G.E. Moore defended common sense, and Bertrand Russell was a logician; none of them coined the phrase. The answer is Gilbert Ryle. Ryle's point is that mental words describe dispositions and behaviour and not a hidden inner theatre, so the mind is not a second thing in the body.
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