Discussion
A cross-sectional study is carried out to examine whether athletes of international level have more positive stress management skills than those of a national level. Which of the following statements is true for this study ?
Answer: B
The independent variable is level and the dependent variable is stress management skills.
The study asks whether athletes at different levels, international and national, differ in their stress management skills. Level of competition is the grouping (independent) variable, the factor whose effect is examined. Stress management skill is what is measured and compared across the groups, so it is the dependent variable.
Options A and C reverse the roles. In a cross-sectional study the independent variable is not manipulated, but the distinction between the grouping variable and the outcome measured still holds, so option D is wrong.
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