Discussion
Which equation states that the process involving the interaction of a system and the surroundings takes place only if the net entropy of the combined system increases or in the limit remains constant?
Answer: D
The equation is \((dS)_{universe} \geq 0\). The principle of increase of entropy says that a process involving a system and its surroundings can take place only if the net entropy of the system and surroundings together (the universe) increases, or remains constant in the limit of a reversible process. The entropy of the system or of the surroundings taken alone may fall, so the inequalities of those quantities need not hold. The isolated system statement is also true in general but the question speaks of the system and the surroundings together, so the universe is the keyed quantity.
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