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P-delta effects need to be considered in seismic design when the structure is

  • A.designed for a response reduction factor of unity
  • B.flexible enough for the lateral drift to add significant moment
  • C.so stiff that its lateral drift is negligible under any loading
  • D.founded on rock rather than on soft or medium soil

Answer: B

Once a building has swayed, its gravity load acts at an eccentricity and generates additional moment, which increases the drift further. The effect grows with flexibility and with axial load, and drift limits are one of the means by which codes keep it small.

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