Discussion
The shadow zone for S waves beyond about 103 degrees from the epicentre is explained by
Answer: C
Correct answer: a liquid outer core that cannot transmit shear
Beyond about 103 degrees no direct S wave is received anywhere, and the only explanation consistent with the observations is that the waves encounter a layer with no rigidity. Since \( V_s = \sqrt{\mu/\rho} \) vanishes when the shear modulus is zero, the outer core must be liquid. The corresponding P wave shadow zone between 103 and 143 degrees is caused by refraction at the core boundary, where the velocity drops sharply, and is a different phenomenon.
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