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Assertion (A): Warping always produces additional direct stresses in a member under torsion.

Reason (R): Warping is an out-of-plane axial displacement of the cross-section.

Select the correct answer from the options below.

  • A.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
  • B.Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C.A is true but R is false
  • D.A is false but R is true

Answer: D

The assertion is false and the reason is true. Warping generates direct stress only when it is restrained, for instance at a built-in end or a heavy fitting. A member free to warp develops no such stresses and pure torsion theory applies unchanged.

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