Discussion
A ceramic that reaches only 92 per cent of theoretical density will generally have
Answer: D
Correct answer: lower strength than a fully dense one
Eight per cent porosity is eight per cent of pores acting as stress concentrators, and strength falls roughly exponentially with porosity - a common approximation is \( \sigma = \sigma_0 e^{-bP} \) with \( b \) around 4 to 7. At eight per cent porosity that is a loss of a third or more of the strength, which is why the final few per cent of density is worth chasing.
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