Discussion
Assertion (A): The last few per cent of density is pursued at considerable cost in structural ceramics.
Reason (R): Strength falls steeply with residual porosity because pores act as stress-concentrating flaws.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason justifies the cost. A ceramic fails from its largest flaw, and a pore is a flaw with a stress concentration around it, so the strength is governed by the worst pore rather than by the average density. That is why hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing and controlled atmospheres are used for structural ceramics and not for, say, a firebrick, where porosity is harmless or even wanted.
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