Discussion
Why do robust low rate modes survive poor ionospheric conditions?
Answer: C
Confining the signal to a few hertz and applying strong error correction lowers the signal to noise ratio required by tens of decibels, so a path that cannot carry speech may still carry a message. Frequency selection is the same for every mode, power is equal or lower for a given result, and multipath must still be handled, often by interleaving. Trading data rate for sensitivity is the fundamental bargain of communication theory and it is nowhere more visible than on a marginal high frequency circuit.
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