Discussion
What is Doppler spread on an ionospheric path?
Answer: B
The reflecting layer rises, falls and moves horizontally, so each path imposes a slightly different Doppler shift and a transmitted carrier arrives spread over a fraction of a hertz to several hertz. It limits how long a receiver can coherently integrate and hence how narrow a mode can usefully be. Station motion, magneto-ionic splitting and modulation bandwidth are different quantities. Time spread and frequency spread together define a channel completely, and each sets its own limit on the modulation that can be used.
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