Discussion
The small-signal model of a BJT is valid when
Answer: A
The small-signal model is valid when the transistor operates in the active region.
Small-signal models such as the hybrid-pi and h-parameter models replace the BJT's non-linear characteristics with a linear approximation around a fixed operating point (Q-point). This is accurate only for small variations about a Q-point in the forward-active region, where the collector current is controlled by the base-emitter voltage.
In cutoff and saturation the transistor behaves as an open or closed switch and the linear relations fail. Breakdown is a non-linear, destructive region that no small-signal model describes.
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