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Why are direct-coupled stages used in integrated circuits?

  • A.Integrated devices match too closely for capacitors to be needed
  • B.Direct coupling removes the need for any bias network at all
  • C.Large capacitors cannot be fabricated on a chip
  • D.Direct coupling gives a wider high-frequency response

Answer: C

A microfarad occupies an impossible area in silicon, so integrated designs couple directly and pay for it with the need to handle direct offsets and drift throughout. High-frequency response is unaffected by coupling method, matching is a separate advantage, and bias is still needed. What a technology cannot make cheaply shapes its circuits more than what it can, and the absence of large capacitors is the clearest example in analogue integration. The parameter that varies and the parameter that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.

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