Discussion
A stage has \( R_{C} = 2.2 \ \mathrm{k\Omega} \), \( R_{E} = 220 \ \Omega \) unbypassed, at \( 1 \ \mathrm{mA} \). Its gain is about
Answer: D
Including the intrinsic resistance in the denominator:
\[ A_{v} \approx -\frac{2200}{220+26} \approx -9 \]
giving about -9, a little below the naive ratio of ten because the 26 ohms is not quite negligible. Neglecting it would be a ten per cent error here and much worse at lower currents, which is why the intrinsic term is worth carrying in any stage with a modest emitter resistor. The shared properties explain why these schemes form a family, and the differences explain why more than one exists.
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