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Why does the intrinsic emitter resistance limit how accurate that ratio can be?

  • A.It changes the collector resistor's effective value as well
  • B.It introduces a phase shift that reduces the gain magnitude
  • C.It depends on beta and so varies between devices
  • D.It adds to the emitter resistor and varies with current

Answer: D

The denominator is the external resistor plus a term proportional to temperature and inversely to current, so the ratio is not quite exact and drifts a little. It does not touch the collector resistor, introduces no phase shift at these frequencies, and does not depend on beta. Making the external resistance large compared with the intrinsic term is the remedy, and it is why heavy degeneration is more accurate than light. A single measurement chosen to respond to the one asymmetry beats several that respond to shared behaviour. A single measurement chosen to respond to the one asymmetry beats several that respond to shared behaviour.

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