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What phase shift does a single pole contribute well above its break frequency?

  • A.Zero degrees
  • B.Ninety degrees
  • C.Forty-five degrees
  • D.One hundred and eighty degrees

Answer: B

A single pole approaches ninety degrees of lag well beyond its break, passing through forty-five degrees at the break frequency itself. One hundred and eighty degrees would require two poles, which is why stability analysis counts them so carefully. Attaching each phase figure to its position relative to the break, rather than learning them as a set, is what makes them usable in a stability argument. Reading the definition literally, rather than recalling a formula, is the reliable route through questions of this shape.

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