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When an independent variable is manipulated without the random assignment :

  • A.Ex-post facto Research Design
  • B.True Experimental Research Design
  • C.Solomon Four Groups Research Design
  • D.Quasi-Experimental Research Design

Answer: D

This is a Quasi-Experimental Research Design.

A quasi-experiment manipulates an independent variable, like a true experiment, but cannot assign subjects to groups at random, for instance because it uses existing classes or villages. The lack of random assignment is its defining feature.

A true experiment and the Solomon four-group design both use random assignment, and an ex-post facto design does not manipulate the independent variable at all, since it studies effects after they have occurred.

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