Discussion
........... spelt out the tasks of developmental stages.
Answer: C
The developmental tasks were spelt out by Robert Havighurst.
Havighurst's developmental task theory (1948, expanded in later editions) lists tasks that arise at each stage of life, from infancy to later maturity, such as learning to walk, achieving emotional independence from parents, or adjusting to retirement. Successful achievement of a task leads to happiness and success with later tasks; failure leads to difficulty.
Elizabeth Hurlock wrote widely used textbooks of developmental psychology that describe Havighurst's tasks, but the concept is his. Freud proposed psychosexual stages, not developmental tasks, and B. F. Skinner was a behaviourist who studied operant conditioning.
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