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Which of the following soil-water movement is correctly matched to its cause?

  • A.Saturated flow- Matric potential gradient
  • B.Unsaturated flow- Gravity's pull
  • C.Internal vapour movement- Difference in liquid water pressure
  • D.External vapour movement- Surface evaporation of soil water

Answer: D

The correct pair is External vapour movement- Surface evaporation of soil water.

External vapour movement is the loss of water vapour from the soil surface to the atmosphere, which is surface evaporation.

The other pairs swap causes. Saturated flow is driven mainly by gravity and hydraulic pressure gradients, while unsaturated flow is driven by the matric potential gradient, from moist to drier soil; options A and B reverse these. Internal vapour movement within the soil is driven by differences in vapour pressure, caused mainly by temperature and moisture differences, not by liquid water pressure.

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