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The Gibbs-Duhem equation imposes a constraint that

  • A.the activity coefficients must equal one for an ideal solution
  • B.partial molar properties of a mixture cannot vary independently
  • C.the total Gibbs energy must be zero at equilibrium always
  • D.the mole fractions of the mixture must sum to one

Answer: B

For a binary at fixed temperature and pressure it links the two composition derivatives, so knowing one partial molar property across the range determines the other. It is the basis of every thermodynamic consistency test.

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