Discussion
What is the standard vertical gradient of refractivity?
Answer: C
Pressure and humidity both fall with height, so refractivity falls at roughly forty N units per kilometre in the standard atmosphere, which bends a ray gently downward. A gradient near minus one hundred and fifty makes the ray follow the earth's curvature exactly, and steeper gradients trap it in a duct. A positive gradient bends the ray upward and shortens the horizon. One number, the gradient, determines the whole refraction behaviour of a path.
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