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What is super-refraction?

  • A.The complete absence of any refraction in the lower atmosphere
  • B.Refraction caused by the ionosphere rather than the troposphere
  • C.Downward bending stronger than standard but not enough to trap the ray
  • D.Bending of the ray upward away from the earth's surface

Answer: C

A refractivity gradient steeper than standard curves the ray more sharply downward, extending the horizon and often strengthening a link, and if the gradient exceeds about minus a hundred and fifty N units per kilometre the ray is trapped and a duct forms. Upward bending is sub-refraction, and the ionosphere acts at much greater heights. A continuum of behaviour governed by one gradient, with named regimes along it, is easier to remember as a scale than as a list.

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