Discussion
Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: A. All dogs are birds. B. All birds are goats. Conclusions:
I. All goats are dogs.
II. Some goats are dogs.
Answer: A
Only conclusion II follows. The statements are: all dogs are birds, and all birds are goats. Joining them gives all dogs are goats. Since there is at least one dog in the statement, some goats must be dogs, which is conclusion II (the converse of an 'all' statement gives 'some').
Conclusion I, 'all goats are dogs', would need the goats to be no larger a group than the dogs. The statements say the dogs are only a part of the birds, which are themselves a part of the goats, so there can be goats that are not dogs. Conclusion I does not follow. Because II follows and I does not, the answer is 'Only conclusion II follows'.
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