Discussion
Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: I) All papers are pens. II) Some pens are markers. III) All markers are whiteners. Conclusions: I) Some whiteners are pens II) Some markers are pens. III) Some whiteners are papers.
Answer: C
Conclusions I and II follow.
All papers are pens and some pens are markers; all markers are whiteners. Since some pens are markers and all markers are whiteners, those pens are whiteners, so some whiteners are pens (I). 'Some pens are markers' can be turned round to 'some markers are pens' (II). Nothing joins papers to whiteners directly, because the pens that are markers need not be the pens that are papers, so III does not follow.
Hence only I and II follow.
A diagram makes the conclusions clear: papers inside pens, markers overlapping pens, and markers entirely inside whiteners. The overlap of pens and markers lies inside the whiteners, so some whiteners are pens. Papers are inside pens, but no link joins papers to markers, so papers and whiteners need not meet.
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