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Discussion

Consider the following pairs of configuration and characteristic:

Conventional tail - Usually carries a download in trim

Canard - Foreplane lifts upward in trim

Tailless - Restoring moment from wing reflex or washout

Canard - Foreplane is stabilising in itself

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

  • A.Only one
  • B.Only two
  • C.All four
  • D.Only three

Answer: D

Correct answer: Only three

The first three are right: a conventional tail carries a download in trim, a canard foreplane lifts upward, and a tailless aeroplane obtains its restoring moment from a reflexed trailing edge or from washout on a swept wing. The fourth is wrong. A canard foreplane sits ahead of the centre of gravity and is destabilising in itself, exactly as a wing with an aft centre of gravity is; the stability of a canard layout comes from the main wing behind, and the foreplane is sized to stall first so that the nose drops.

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