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Horizontal surface arrangements compared.

ConfigurationSurface positionTrim loadStatic margin available
Conventional tailBehind the wingUsually downwardGenerous
CanardAhead of the wingUpwardModerate
TaillessNone separateWing reflexSmall
T-tailBehind and aboveUsually downwardGenerous

Which configuration avoids the trim drag of a download?

  • A.The canard, whose foreplane lifts upward
  • B.The conventional tail
  • C.The T-tail
  • D.The tailless layout

Answer: A

A conventional tail balances the wing's nose down moment with a download the wing must offset. A canard's foreplane carries part of the weight instead, which removes that particular penalty at the cost of other difficulties.

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