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Concept of massive retaliation was spelt out by :

  • A.N. J. Spikeman
  • B.Karl Haushofer
  • C.John Foster Dulles
  • D.Halford Mackinder

Answer: C

Massive retaliation was spelt out by John Foster Dulles.

In a speech to the Council on Foreign Relations in January 1954, US Secretary of State Dulles announced that the United States would rely on a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at places of its own choosing. This was the nuclear doctrine of Eisenhower's 'New Look'.

Spykman (printed 'Spikeman'), Haushofer and Mackinder were geopoliticians writing before the nuclear age, so none of them could have formulated a nuclear doctrine of retaliation.

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