Discussion
Who opined that "Geography is the most fundamental factor in foreign policy because it is the most permanent ?"
Answer: A
The view is Nicholas J. Spykman's.
Spykman, the Dutch-American geostrategist of Yale, wrote in America's Strategy in World Politics (1942) and his articles of 1938-39 that geography is the most fundamental factor in a state's foreign policy because it is the most permanent: ministers come and go, but mountain ranges stay. He is also known for the Rimland theory, which answered Mackinder's Heartland.
Karl Haushofer was the German exponent of Geopolitik and Friedrich Ratzel the founder of political geography with his organic theory of the state, but the sentence quoted is Spykman's. Nayef Al-Rodhan is a contemporary writer on geopolitics.
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