Discussion
Who among the following stated that 'Geopolitics is a pseudo-science erecting the factor of geography into an absolute' ?
Answer: D
The criticism is Hans J. Morgenthau's, written in the paper as 'Morganthau'.
In Politics Among Nations, Morgenthau accepted geography as an important element of national power but attacked geopolitics as a pseudo-science for turning geography into an absolute that was supposed to decide the power and fate of nations. He had in mind above all the German Geopolitik of Karl Haushofer, which served Nazi expansion.
Mackinder, Spykman and Haushofer were themselves geopolitical thinkers, the authors of the Heartland, Rimland and Lebensraum ideas, so they are not the critics of the discipline.
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