Discussion
Any stress tensor can be split into two symmetric matrices, where the first part represents the mean stress and the second is called :
Answer: B
The second part is the deviatoric stress.
Any stress tensor can be written as the sum of an isotropic part, the mean stress (one third of the sum of the principal stresses) acting equally in all directions, and a deviatoric part, which is what remains after the mean is subtracted:
\[ \sigma_{ij} = \sigma_m \delta_{ij} + \sigma'_{ij} \]
The mean stress changes volume, while the deviatoric stress changes shape and drives distortion, folding and faulting.
Axial stress is stress along one axis, as in a uniaxial test. Non-axial stress and dialative stress are not standard names for this decomposition.
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