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Discussion

Knock-down factors are applied to curved shell buckling predictions because

  • A.Shells never buckle in practice
  • B.The material properties are uncertain
  • C.Real shells are imperfection-sensitive
  • D.The theory is too conservative

Answer: C

Classical shell buckling theory assumes a perfect geometry, and real shells with small manufacturing deviations can fail at a fraction of that load. Empirical knock-down factors, derived from test databases, bring the prediction into line with observation.

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