Discussion
What is the theoretical yield of ethanol from glucose, as a mass fraction?
Answer: D
Correct answer: about 51 per cent
From the Gay-Lussac equation \[ \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow 2\,C_2H_5OH + 2\,CO_2}, \] the masses are 180 for glucose and \( 2\times46 = 92 \) for the ethanol, giving \[ \frac{92}{180} = 0.511 = 51\%. \] The remaining 49 per cent leaves as carbon dioxide, and a real fermentation reaches about 90 to 95 per cent of this theoretical figure because some substrate goes to cell mass and by-products.
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