Discussion
Citric acid is manufactured commercially by fermentation using
Answer: A
Correct answer: a mould, most often Aspergillus niger
Almost all commercial citric acid comes from submerged culture of Aspergillus niger on a sugar substrate, under conditions of deliberate metal-ion deficiency that make the mould excrete citrate rather than metabolise it. The process displaced extraction from citrus fruit entirely, being far cheaper and independent of the harvest.
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