Discussion
Assertion (A): Oxygen transfer limits the scale-up of an aerobic fermentation.
Reason (R): The interfacial area per unit volume falls as a vessel is made larger.
Answer: C
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the geometry. Oxygen is sparingly soluble in water and must be transferred continuously from bubbles to broth, and that transfer depends on the interfacial area per unit volume, which falls as the vessel grows because volume rises faster than surface. Larger fermenters therefore need more agitation power and higher air rates per unit volume, and oxygen transfer rather than biology sets the practical limit on size.
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