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Discussion

Statements: All the phones are scales. All the scales are calculators.

Conclusions:

1. All the calculators are scales.

2. All the phones are calculators

3. All the scales are phones.

4. Some calculators are phones.

  • A.Only (1) and (4)
  • B.Only (3) and (4)
  • C.Only (2) and (4)
  • D.Only (1) and (2)

Answer: C

Correct answer: Only (2) and (4)

All phones are scales and all scales are calculators, so all phones are calculators - conclusion 2 - and therefore some calculators are phones, conclusion 4. Conclusions 1 and 3 reverse universals, which is never valid.

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