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Which circulation does frontogenesis force?

  • A.A thermally indirect circulation with cold air rising on one side and warm air sinking on the other
  • B.A purely horizontal deformation
  • C.A vertical circulation aligned along the front rather than across it, transporting momentum upward
  • D.A thermally direct cross-frontal circulation

Answer: D

As deformation tries to sharpen the gradient, it disturbs thermal wind balance, and an ageostrophic circulation develops that restores the balance by lifting warm air and lowering cold air. That direct circulation is the source of frontal cloud and precipitation. The indirect sense would consume rather than release energy, and a purely horizontal response could not restore the balance that the deformation has upset. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.

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