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Which phenomenon does a low Richardson number in the jet stream produce?

  • A.Deep convection, which develops wherever the atmosphere becomes unstable to vertical displacement
  • B.Frontogenesis
  • C.Rossby wave breaking, in which the potential vorticity contours overturn in the horizontal plane
  • D.Clear air turbulence

Answer: D

Strong shear associated with the thermal wind can overcome the stratification, giving Kelvin-Helmholtz billows and the clear air turbulence encountered by aircraft near the tropopause. This is a direct practical consequence of thermal wind balance. Deep convection requires conditional instability rather than shear instability, and frontogenesis and wave breaking are horizontal processes on much larger scales. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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