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Which statement about warping is TRUE?

  • A.It always produces direct stresses
  • B.It occurs only in closed sections
  • C.It occurs in circular shafts more than any other section
  • D.It produces direct stresses only when it is restrained

Answer: D

Correct answer: It produces direct stresses only when it is restrained

Warping itself is a displacement, and a section free to warp does so without any direct stress arising. Direct stresses appear only where the warping is prevented - at a built-in end, a heavy rib or a joint - because the axial displacements the section wants to make are resisted. This is why restraint locations govern where such stresses are checked.

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