Discussion
The emf induced in a transformer winding is given by
Answer: A
Correct answer: \( 4.44fN\Phi_m \)
The induced emf is the rate of change of flux linkage, and for sinusoidal flux the rms value works out as \[ E = 4.44\,f\,N\,\Phi_m, \] where 4.44 is \( 2\pi/\sqrt{2} \). Everything follows from it: the flux is fixed by the applied voltage and frequency, which is why core loss is nearly constant with load, and why a transformer run at reduced frequency saturates.
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